2016) and biotypes of soybean aphid able to survive on some aphid-resistant soybean have been identified (Hesler et al. In response to the challenge posed by insecticide-resistant soybean aphid, we recommend several management strategies for minimizing further development of resistance and subsequent pest-induced crop losses. 2009), spirotetramat (Group 23) (Bahlai et al. It is used to control chewing, sucking, and flying insects such as beetles, aphids, and other Lepidoptera. Among these, management has relied primarily on foliar applications of pyrethroids (Group 3A) and organophosphates (Group 1B) since detection of this pest (Hodgson et al. If the insecticide application fails to control the pest population, try to rule out other potential causes for an insecticide failure, such as incorrect insecticide rate or application method, unfavorable environmental conditions, or recolonization of a treated field by winged soybean aphids. Cypermethrin is a pyrethroid insecticide that mainly affects an insect’s central nervous system, used against a number of insect pests such as aphids, weevils, caterpillars, yellow cereal fly, flea beetles, … These findings hinted that the pyrethroid insecticide beta-cypermethrin has the potential to mediate the interspecific competition between specialist and generalist aphids (at the sublethal concentration of LC5), and that it could influence aphid population growth and community structure in soybean crops. Zeta-cypermethrin … Knodel, J. J., P. Beauzay, M. Boetel, and T. Prochaska. Pyrethroid-containing mixtures may provide adequate control of some pyrethroid-resistant populations of soybean aphid (IRAC 2012, R.L.K. 2011, Hodgson et al. Since the first observation of soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), in North America in 2000, it has become the most economically damaging insect of soybean in the Upper Midwest of the United States. Currently, any populations of soybean aphid should be considered potentially resistant to pyrethroids. South Dakota State University Extension, Research on resistance of soybean aphid (, The soybean aphid in China: a historical review, Elevated expression of esterase and cytochrome P450 are related with lambda-cyhalothrin resistance and lead to cross resistance in, Spray toxicity and risk potential of 42 commonly used formulations of row crop pesticides to adult honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Fill the spray tank while maintaining … 2012, Varenhorst and O’Neal 2012), and sulfoxaflor (Group 4C) (Tran et al. 2). 2007). Reliance on insecticide-based management of insect pests often results in development of insecticide resistance (Pedigo and Rice 2009). Zeta-Cypermethrin. Such a facilitated colonization was impaired by the LC5 of beta-cypermethrin. First, economically threatening infestations of soybean aphid continue to occur in Minnesota and portions of Iowa, North Dakota, and South Dakota (R.L.K., B.D.P., E.W.H., J.J.K., and A.J.V., personal observations), while such infestations have diminished in other parts of the United States (Bahlai et al. It is used in the UK to control a range of pests in both arable and livestock farming, in homes and gardens, and in public and commercial buildings. The continued validity of the 250-aphid-per-plant threshold is explained by Koch et al. 3). Seed treatments containing neonicotinoids (Group 4A) are also commonly used in soybean (Hodgson et al. 2017). 2004, Ragsdale et al. Xi, J., Y. Pan, R. Bi, X. Gao, X. Chen, T. Peng, M. Zhang, H. Zhang, X. Hu, and Q. Shang. © The Author(s) 2018. 2008). A., J. Menger-Anderson, C. Silverstein, B. D. Potter, I. V. MacRae, E. W. Hodgson, and R. L. Koch. For example, if a field was treated with a pyrethroid (Group 3A) and a follow-up insecticide application is needed, then an insecticide from different insecticide group, such as an organophosphate (Group 1B), should be selected. Soybean aphid has developed resistance to pyrethroid (Group 3A) insecticides. Aphid-resistant soybean varieties have proven effective for soybean aphid management, particularly when multiple resistance (Rag) genes are pyramided in individual lines (Hesler et al. The geographic scope of field failures of pyrethroids for soybean aphid expanded in 2017, including Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota (Fig. 2010, Ragsdale et al. Synthetic pyrethroids are man-made insecticides created to mimic the chemical properties of … The LC5 of beta-cypermethrin accelerated the reproductive inhibition. In China, laboratory experiments exposing soybean aphid to lambda-cyhalothrin for 40 generations resulted in the development of 76-fold resistance to that insecticide and cross resistance … In addition, the amount of each active ingredient in some mixtures is less than that of products with single active ingredients. The LC50 values across all nine populations ranged from 0.6 to 24.57mg a.i./L. Orantes, L. C., W.Zhang, M. A. R.Mian, and A. P. Michel. Several factors related to soybean aphid infestations and management likely contributed to the development of pyrethroid resistance in this pest in the Upper Midwest of the United States. Ribeiro, M. G. P. M., T. E. Hunt, and B. D. Siegfried. 2According to Insecticide Resistance Action Committtee (IRAC 2018). McCarville, M. T., M. O’Neal, G. L. Tylka, C. Kanobe, and G. C. MacIntosh. Data from NASS (2018); data do not include seed-applied insecticides (Douglas and Tooker 2015). When selecting insecticides, keep in mind that the ‘the primary intention for the use of an insecticide mixture (tank-mix or pre-formulated mixture) is, in most cases, not resistance management but pest management’ (IRAC 2012). However, the LC 5 of beta-cypermethrin enhanced the interspecific inhibition of fecundity between the two aphid … It readily decomposes when exposed to sunlight. (2018). For example, host-plant resistance is the cornerstone for many pest management programs (Smith 2005), but is largely lacking in soybean aphid management. Sampling recommendations were developed and validated to estimate soybean aphid abundance (Hodgson et al. As a synthetic pyrethroid, Zeta-Cypermethrin is a contact insecticide which provides quick results for … Red-shaded counties indicate those from which reports of pyrethroid failures were received. What is Cypermethrin? Therefore, we caution against the use of neonicotinoid-containing insecticides for a first foliar application to such fields (Fig. Zhu, Y.C., J. Adamczyk, T. Rinderer, J. Yao, R. Danka, R. Luttrell, and J. Gore. After soybean aphid populations reach the economic threshold, a single application of a foliar insecticide is usually sufficient for soybean aphid management (Hodgson et al. If a field needs to be retreated, alternate to a different insecticide group for the follow-up application (NRC 1986, IRAC 2009) (Fig. However, scouting and threshold-based application of foliar insecticides provides a greater likelihood and magnitude of positive net return than seed-applied insecticides for management of soybean aphid (Krupke et al. 2001) and potential facilitation of soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines Ichinohe, infestations (McCarville et al. In agroecosystems, plant-pest interactions are at the basis of complex food webs, which can be affected by both biotic and abiotic factors. Beta-cypermethrin is classified as a toxicity class II (pyrethroid) insecticide, and it represents one of the main options for controlling aphids on cereals in China (Zhang et al. 2018). 2016). A popular insecticide active ingredient that is used to eliminate a broad range of common household bugs is a synthetic pyrethroid known as Cypermethrin. 2011, Coupe and Capel 2016). This work was supported in part by the Minnesota Soybean Research and Promotion Council, Iowa Soybean Association, North Dakota Soybean Council, and South Dakota Soybean Research and Promotion Council. States included had data available for the three survey years. Hodgson, E. W., E. C. Burkness, W. D. Hutchison, and D. W. Ragsdale. Second, as indicated earlier, there are a limited number of insecticide groups available for soybean aphid management (Table 1). Aphids from these three populations were less sensitive to alpha-cypermethrin compared with KAT (Figure 3). The LC5 of beta-cypermethrin drove A. solani migrating from soybean leaves to stems independently of interspecific competition. 2012, Krupke et al. Hanson, A. Biological Control Methods: Parasitic wasps (small wasps that are harmless to humans) are the best for killing aphids. Counties with reports of pyrethroids failing to control soybean aphid in the field in 2017. Finally, if soybean is in bloom, consider insecticide options with reduced risk to pollinators (Zhu et al. 2013). Implementation of user-friendly scouting tools and other management tactics may decrease unnecessary exposure of the pest to insecticides and, in turn, reduce further development of insecticide resistance. Aphis glycines mainly aggregated on the stem of soybean plant while A. solani colonized soybean leaves. Soybean aphid has been actively managed since 2000, because of the potential for severe economic impact. Hodgson, E. W., B. P. McCornack, K. A. Koch, D. W. Ragsdale, K. D. Johnson, M. E. O’Neal, E. M. Cullen, H. J. Kraiss, C. D. DiFonzo, M. Jewett, et al. 2014). 2007). Unnecessary exposure of soybean aphid to insecticides can result from tank mixing insecticide with other pesticide applications regardless of soybean aphid populations. 2012a, Hanson et al. Ohnesorg, W. J., K. D. Johnson, and M. E. O’Neal. 2007, Koch et al. A sublethal concentration of beta-cypermethrin (LC5 for A. glycines) stimulated the reproduction of A. glycines but it did not impact the fecundity of A. solani. Furthermore, research has shown that natural enemies (i.e., predators, parasitic wasps, and entomopathogenic fungi) can play an important role in prevention and suppression of soybean aphid outbreaks (Koch et al. Beckendorf, E. A., M. A. Catangui, and W. E. Riedell. Bahlai, C. A., Y. Xue, C. M. McCreary, A. W. Schaafsma, and R. H. Hallett. These authors contributed equally to this work. 2004, Hodgson et al. McCarville, M. T., M. E. O’Neil, B. D. Potter, K. J. Tilmon, E. M. Cullen, B. P. McCornack, J. F. Tooker, and D. A. Prischmann-Voldseth. 2016). To reduce the selection pressure for development of resistance to insecticides, treat fields only when necessary (Fig. We are unaware of reports of neonicotinoids failing to control soybean aphid in the field. In response to the challenge posed by insecticide-resistant soybean aphids, we recommend several management strategies for minimizing further development of resistance and subsequent pest-induced crop losses: 1) scout and use the economic threshold to determine when to apply insecticides, 2) apply the insecticides properly, 3) assess efficacy 3–5 d after application, and 4) alternate to a different insecticide group if another application is required. Selective insecticides (i.e., toxic to pest, but less toxic to natural enemies), such as flonicamid (Group 29) (Bahlai et al. Tips of legs, … Aphids may be controlled by using a commercially prepared insecticidal soap product, neem oil extract or pyrethrin, which are all less toxic control options. 2012), the risk of insecticide-resistant populations of soybean aphid spreading to soybean fields in other soybean producing regions is high. 2007, Koch et al. Schmidt, N. P., M. E. O’Neal, P. F. Anderson, D. Lagos, D. Voegtlin, W. Bailey, P. Caragea, E. Cullen, C. DiFonzo, K. Elliot, et al. 3). Now if you treat mid or late season, you will get control of any current problem but it would be smart to apply more the following spring. 2012). Not all failures of insecticides are due to insecticide resistance. As more is learned about the genetics and mechanisms underlying soybean aphid resistance to insecticides, recommendations for resistance management are likely to change. (2018) documented resistance ratios greater than 20-fold, which could be considered moderate resistance. Examples of foliar insecticides labeled for soybean aphid management1. Zeta-cypermethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid used as a contact insecticide. Koch, K., B. D. Potter and D. W. Ragsdale. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists, Copyright © 2021 Entomological Society of America. Insecticide resistance in soybean aphid has emerged as a new challenge to soybean production. Tabashnik, B. E., D. Mota-Sanchez, M. E. Whalon, R. M. Hollingworth, and Y. Carriere. Table 1 lists insecticide groups and active ingredients available for soybean aphid management. 2018) have created an immediate challenge for effective soybean pest management and profitable soybean production. Frewin, A. J., A. W. Schaafsma, and R. H. Hallett. Koch, R. L., B. D. Potter, P. A. Glogoza, E. W. Hodgson, C. H. Krupke, J. F. Tooker, C. D. DiFonzo, A. P. Michel, K. J. Tilmon, T. J. Prochaska, et al. 3). In contrast, recommendations for the use of mixtures are prominent in programs for herbicide resistance management (NRC 2012). 2010, Frewin et al. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. In such situations, the pyrethroid component of such products may be compromised by the resistance. In addition, an economic threshold of 250 aphids per plant with more than 80% of plants infested and aphid populations increasing was developed to optimize use of foliar insecticides for soybean aphid management (Ragsdale et al. Upon reaching threshold, treat the field within 5–7 d to protect yield (Ragsdale et al. 2012). Ants ward off natural aphid enemies, so ant control is an important aspect of aphid control. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. 2012, Douglas and Tooker 2015, Hurley and Mitchell 2017). Furthermore, reports of pyrethroids failing to control soybean aphid in the field were noted from Minnesota and Iowa (Hanson et al. 2012, Pezzini and Koch 2015), pymetrozine (Group 9B) (Ohnesorg et al. Hodgson, E. W., B. P. McCornack, K. J. Tilmon, and J. Knodel. Clifton, E. H., G. L. Tylka, and A. J. Gassmann, and E. W. Hodgson. 2). 1) (Koch et al. Robert L Koch, Erin W Hodgson, Janet J Knodel, Adam J Varenhorst, Bruce D Potter, Management of Insecticide-Resistant Soybean Aphids in the Upper Midwest of the United States, Journal of Integrated Pest Management, Volume 9, Issue 1, 2018, 23, https://doi.org/10.1093/jipm/pmy014. These continued infestations by soybean aphid in parts of the Upper Midwest have resulted in a long history (i.e., about 17 yr) of selection pressure for development of insecticide resistance. They have … - Cypermethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid. We thank Anthony Hanson and three anonymous reviewers for providing critical reviews of an earlier version of this paper and Courtney Garrison for summary of the USDA data. This pattern of greater pest pressure in Minnesota and neighboring states is further evidenced by data from NASS (2018). Mites may increase after some insecticides (esfenvalerate, permethrin, zeta-cypermethrin) are applied for control of other pests. Improvements in the efficiency of soybean aphid scouting, such as the potential for remote sensing (Alves et al. Application of insecticides for soybean aphid below the economic threshold is unlikely to provide economic benefit and will subject the pest to unnecessary insecticide exposure and allow further selection pressure for resistance (Koch et al. 2012), which has increased selection pressure for these particular groups. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. 2007). It should also be noted that soybean fields planted with neonicotinoid-treated seeds have already received an application of a Group 4 insecticide (i.e., neonicotinoids). Moreover, the two species showed different spatial distribution on soybean seedlings. 2017). ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Sublethal effects of beta-cypermethrin modulate interspecific interactions between specialist and generalist aphid species on soybean, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111302. (2016). Harlequin bugs, stink bugs, flea beetles and … Hanson, A. Krupke, C. H., A. M.Alford, E. M.Cullen, E. W.Hodgson, J. J.Knodel, B.McCornack, B. D.Potter, M. I.Spigler, K.Tilmon, and K. Welch. 2007). 2017). However, in 2015 in Minnesota, failures of foliar-applied pyrethroid insecticides were reported and pyrethroid resistance was confirmed with laboratory bioassays using lambda-cyhalothrin and bifenthrin. In fields where pyrethroids failed to control soybean aphid, surviving (i.e., suspected resistant) aphids have sometimes been observed in patches within the field, which may be due to a mixture of aphid genotypes (e.g., Orantes et al. Thrips. Ragsdale, D. W., D. A. Landis, J. Brodeur, G. E. Heimpel, and N. Desneux. Decision aide for management of soybean aphid with or without insecticide resistance. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (, Striped cucumber Beetle and Western Striped Cucumber Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Invasion Biology and Management of Sweetpotato Whitefly (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in China, Overview of Pest Status, Potential Risk, and Management Considerations of, An Overview of the Pepper Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) as a Pest of Greenhouse Peppers, Biology and Management of Navel Orangeworm (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in California, About Journal of Integrated Pest Management, About the Entomological Society of America, Risk Factors for Resistance Development in Soybean Aphid, Strategies for Management of Insecticide-Resistant Soybean Aphid, http://apps.extension.umn.edu/agriculture/soybean/pest/soybean-aphid/aphid-resistant-soybean/, http://www.irac-online.org/documents/principles-of-irm/?ext=pdf, http://www.irac-online.org/content/uploads/irac_mixture_statement_v1.0_10sept12.pdf, http://www.irac-online.org/documents/moa-classification/, www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/plantsci/pests/e1143.pdf, http://works.bepress.com/matthew_oneal/37, https://www.nass.usda.gov/Surveys/Guide_to_NASS_Surveys/Chemical_Use/, http://igrow.org/up/resources/03-3042-2017.pdf, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, 4. 2015). CHLORPYRIFOS (LORSBAN, NUFOS, YUMA) is available in several formulations registered for use as a foliar application in the dormant or delayed dormant period against aphids and scale in apples, scale … Measure out the required quantity of CYPERMETHRIN 200 EC and premix this with at least 10 litres of water. (2011) found no resistance to organophosphates, pyrethroids, or neonicotinoids in field-collected soybean aphid populations from Michigan in 2007 and 2008. Yards which develop pests like aphids … Reproduction of A. glycines was more likely inhibited by the interspecific interactions compared to A. solani. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. The biology, impacts, and management of soybean aphid have been well reviewed (Ragsdale et al. Hesler, L. S., M. V. Chiozza, M. E. O’Neal, G. C. MacIntosh, K. J. Tilmon, D. I. Chandrasena, N. A. Tinsley, S. R. Cianzio, A. C. Costamagna, E. M. Cullen, et al.