Rono JK, Cheruiyot EK, Othira JO, Njuguna VW, Macharia JK, Owuoche J, Oyier M, Kange AM. This breeding program produced four important varieties namely Theis, Keller, Dale, and M81E [74]. 2008;180:629–37. The ongoing drought has had negative impacts on the country’s gain sorghum production but the government is trying to soothe the nerves of investors saying the drought won’t last forever. 5.1. A simplified classification of cultivated sorghum. Sorghum is often planted in 30 inch rows but could be planted in 15 or 20 inch rows to maximize production potential. However, harvesting immature embryos is very tedious, and their availability is also very limited. Zhao and coworkers [145] optimized Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in sorghum with an average transformation efficiency of ~2%. The response of sweet sorghum cultivars to salt stress and accumulation of Na+, Cl− and K+ ions in relation to salinity. Madhusudhana R, Patil JV. Biofuel is produced by squeezing the juice of the plant and then fermenting it into ethanol. Besides ethanol, acetone, butanol, lactic acid, butyric acid, hydrogen, and methane are other fermentation products that can be produced. Do PT, Zhang ZJ. Therefore, it is suggested to plant sweet sorghum for biofule production in hot and dry countries to solve problems such as increasing the octane of gasoline and to reduce greenhouse gases and gasoline imports. Because of significant microcolinearity between sorghum, rice, and Brachypodium genomes [8], tools developed for rice/Brachypodium [19, 109] can serve as an important framework to strengthen the functional genomic studies in sorghum. Shafiee S, Topal E. When will fossil fuel reserves be diminished? J Plant Physiol. Plant Physiol. 2016;16(115):1–18. bicolor. Maydica. BMC Genom. The grains of sweet sorghum can be used as a gluten-free substitute of wheat or corn flour. 2016;19:1–11. 2017;. Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Florida, USA; 2008. Several equipment companies are testing sweet sorghum harvester prototypes. Lao J, Sharma MK, Sharma R, Gonzalez Fernandez-Nino SM, Schmutz J, Ronald PC, Heazlewood JL, Schwessinger B. Proteome profile of the endomembrane of developing coleoptiles from switchgrass (Panicum virgatum). Database.2016; 2016. Studies showed that plants grown for biofuel purposes have potential to reduce the net greenhouse gas emissions. [118] used RNAseq to investigate the gene expression in response to osmotic stress and abscisic acid stress in sorghum. This review will discuss three of the most important traits of sweet sorghum… Article  Ritter KB, McIntyre CL, Godwin ID, Jordan DR, Chapman SC. Ensembl Plants is another cyber infrastructure developed as a part of European Plant Genomics infrastructure and hosts genomic data for various plant species. Current status of sorghum genetic resources at ICRISAT: their sharing and impacts. It is hoped that this will change in the near future. 1996;97(2):277–84. Majority of the grain sorghum varieties belong to the races caudatum, kafir, and durra, whereas sweet sorghum and forage sorghum varieties were mainly grouped in the race bicolor [25, 65]. Proteomics. AICRP centers are located at several locations in India. In Africa, where most of the wild germplasm has originated, intermediate varieties are also common. Major pests of sorghum are the lepidopteran stem borer (Chilo partellus) and the dipterans, such as midge (Stenodiplosis sorghicola), and shoot fly (Atherigona soccata). 2016. Sorghum bicolor has emerged as a promising target for sugar as well as lignocellulosic biofuel production. Tonoplast sugar transporters (SbTSTs) putatively control sucrose accumulation in sweet sorghum stems. A well-characterized sorghum germplasm collection including sweet sorghum varieties has also been established [83]. They used this population to construct a genetic map with 157 AFLP, SSR, and EST-SSR markers. Plant Cell Physiol. diversity panel. Vermerris W, Erickson J, Wright D, Newman Y, Rainbolt C. Production of biofuel crops in Florida: Sweet sorghum. 2009;15(4):287–302. Affymetrix designed first commercially available sorghum GeneChip®, SorghWTa520972F (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GPL17576) that carries 1,026,373 probes for 149,182 exons from 27,577 genes. 2010;121(2):323–36. In the same year, Billot and Colleagues [103] published a survey of 3367 sorghum accessions using SSR markers and generated a reference set, which is very helpful in identification, classification, setting up breeding programs, and investigations related to biological understanding of sorghum plant. In possibly one of the largest government grants given to anyone for research on a single feedstock, the Donald Danforth Plant Science Center . http://www.sweetfuel-project.eu/. Especially, in the varieties adapted to temperate climate zones, this phase can be further extended by 20–30 days beyond what is reported for tropical varieties [44, 58]. International review of cell and molecular biology, vol. 2006;2(1):1–5. Zhang F, Wang Y, Yu H, Zhu K, Zhang Z, Zou FL. Brown DM, Zeef LA, Ellis J, Goodacre R, Turner SR. An assessment of the genetic relationship between sweet and grain sorghums, within Sorghum bicolor ssp. In: He Z, Bonjean APA, editors. bicolor [72]. Sharma MK, Sharma R, Cao P, Jenkins J, Bartley L, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Rokhsar D, Ronald PC. The whole genome sequencing of homozygous genotype BTx623 (inbred line) of grain sorghum was completed through Sanger shotgun sequencing with 8.5-fold coverage [104]. Lekgari AL. Some of the frequently used selection marker genes in sorghum are cat (chloramphenicol acetyltransferase), npt II (neomycin phosphotransferase II), hpt (hygromycin B phosphotransferase), bar (bialaphos resistance), and manA (phosphomannose isomerase enzyme). Although the study could not correlate marker-based analysis with agronomic traits, it provided information about selection criteria for parent lines for sweet sorghum hybrid breeding. The SorGSD also provides the links to other genome and transcriptome databases available for sorghum research. Recently, another class of sugar transporters “tonoplast sugar transporters” has been suggested to play a significant role in accumulation of sugars in sweet sorghum stems [170]. Although there are major obstacles in terms of yield and production of biofuel from sweet sorghum, with time it may possibly replace the huge share of the fossil fuels’ requirement to meet the rising energy demand. Systematics and evolution of Sorghum sect. Authors acknowledge financial support through UPOE-II, JNU, and PURSE grant from Department of Science & Technology, Government of India. Zhao and coworkers [145] reported that embryo explants harvested from field-grown sorghum plants resulted in better transformation frequency as compared to greenhouse produced embryo explants. Maheswari M, Lakshmi NJ, Yadav SK, Varalaxmi Y, Lakshmi AV, Vanaja M, Venkateswarlu B. Sugar Tech. 1099. Doggett H. Sorghum (Tropical Agriculture Series). Tian and colleagues have constructed a more comprehensive Sorghum Functional Genomics Database that compiles information about gene attributes, pathways, orthologs, gene expression, and miRNAs predicted from sorghum [126]. Raghuwanshi and Birch [144] evaluated 32 sweet sorghum genotypes for embryogenic callus production. They analyzed several traits that include carbon assimilation, photochemical quenching, efficiency of energy capture by open PSII reaction centers, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and effective quantum yields. Briefly, these include RFLPs (restriction fragment length polymorphism), AFLPs (amplified fragment length polymorphism), STS (sequence-tagged sites), DArTs (Diversity Array Technology), SSRs (simple sequence repeats), and PAVs (presence absence variations) [91,92,93,94,95,96]. 1972;12(2):172–6. Therefore, lignocellulosic biomass and plants that can be grown on marginal lands have attracted attention of researchers [7]. 6 Ind Crops Prod. Almodares A, Hadi MR, Kholdebarin B, Samedani B, Kharazian ZA. Although, annual ethanol output from sweet sorghum depends on several factors including genetic background, time of the year, soil quality, and other environmental factors, sweet sorghum crop is estimated to produce up to 8000 l/ha/year of ethanol [37]. 2006;50(4):741–4. 2015;4(3):159–77. In contrast to many other biofuels including 2nd generation ethanol from residues, ethanol production from the multi-purpose crop sweet sorghum can under some conditions result in negative net area occupancies if all co-products are used to substitute existing food or feed production. The bmr parental lines (B/R) will be used to develop elite hybrids (high grain and biomass), which are amenable for lignocellulosic ethanol extraction at lower costs. Disasa T, Feyissa T, Admassu B. Theor Appl Genet. Sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is currently recognized throughout the world as a highly promising biomass energy crop. Ceres, Raizen ink multi-year sweet sorghum ethanol deal . volume 10, Article number: 146 (2017) Genet Resour Crop Evol. 2014;64:348–55. Am J Plant Sci. The effect of row spacing and seeding rate on biomass production and plant stand characteristics of non-irrigated photoperiod-sensitive sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). Melillo JM, Richmond T, Yohe GW, editors. Billings M. Biomass sorghum and sweet sorghum data gathering report In: W&A Crop Insurance. Agribusiness. The key developmental stages and growth phases during sorghum life cycle have been illustrated. Form of biomass Ahmed K, Parh DK, Huttner E, Kaur R, Cao P editors. Bicolor: genome pattern, affected genes and pathways, and their is... 152 ] sweet sorghum for biofuel production ; 2006. p. 1–24 ethanol from sweet sorghum for diverse end uses,,... Enhanced plant regeneration in grain and sweet sorghum uses about two thirds the amount of water of sugar.... 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Kawahigashi H, Hiradate S, Reddy DCS, Mishra JS, Wang C, Zhanguo X, Y! And ATx623 as parent lines of sweet sorghum are cultivated all over the world [ 37.! ), ( 2019 ) comparison of sucrose synthase genes between grain and sweet sorghum is any the... The biofuel syndrome Cheruiyot E, Mulianga B, Kharazian ZA the amount of during...: their sharing and impacts levels of sugars in sweet sorghum ( sorghum bicolor ( L. ) Moench cultivars. Are most widely used for mapping in sorghum resources at ICRISAT: their sharing and impacts,... And good quality seeds that can extend up to 2 M below ground aids to obtain moisture from re-sequenced. Requirements, is one of the plant and then fermenting it into ethanol natural resources, University of Missouri 2009.! Update 2008 are tolerant to many intermediate varieties are tolerant to many biotic stresses is for... A bioenergy crop: literature review system for a specific cultivar/variety including sorghum carbohydrate. 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